What is OPT or Optional Practical Training for F-1 Students?
Optional Practical Training (OPT) offers F-1 students an opportunity to gain temporary employment experience directly related to their degree program. This opportunity can significantly influence their professional careers. However, understanding the distinction of OPT can be complex, with terms like post-completion OPT, pre-completion OPT, and STEM OPT extension all playing crucial roles.
In this article, we will explore the various aspects of Optional Practical Training, shedding light on the OPT application process, OPT eligibility, and the responsibilities and requirements that international students must meet to successfully explore this important phase of their academic journey in the United States.
To begin, let’s address the fundamental question: What is OPT? Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a work authorization program that permits F-1 students to take up temporary employment directly related to their major field. This phase is crucial for international students as it allows them to transition from theoretical learning to practical, hands-on experience in their chosen career path.
Optional practical training OPT can be classified into two primary categories: pre-completion OPT and post-completion OPT. Pre-completion OPT allows students to work while they are still enrolled in their degree program, whereas post-completion OPT is utilized after the completion of the academic program. It is important to note that OPT employment is not limited to a single employer; students can work for more than one employer, provided all jobs are related to their field of study.
To be eligible for optional practical training, students must meet specific criteria. These criteria include:
The student must be in valid F-1 status at the time of application.
The student must have completed at least one academic year of full-time study in the U.S.
The student must be physically present in the U.S. at the time of application.
The student must not have previously used 12 months of OPT at the same education level.
The OPT request must be submitted within the specified timeframe.
It is also important to note that students who have previously completed OPT at a bachelor's degree level are not eligible to apply for OPT at the same education level.
Though less common, pre-completion OPT allows students to work part-time or full-time while still enrolled in their degree programs. This option can be particularly beneficial for graduate students who may want to gain work experience relevant to their studies before completing their degree.
Pre-completion OPT is subject to the exact OPT eligibility requirements as post-completion OPT. However, any time used during pre-completion OPT is deducted from the 12-month total available for post-completion OPT. Therefore, careful planning is essential to ensure students maximize the benefits of Optional Practical Training.
Post-completion OPT is the most commonly used form of Optional Practical Training. This phase begins after the student has completed their degree program and is looking to gain professional experience in the U.S. This phase allows students to work full-time for up to 12 months. Still, they must adhere to specific guidelines and timelines.
One critical element of post-completion OPT is the OPT start date. Students must select a requested OPT start date within 60 days after their program end date. The requested start date is crucial because it determines when the OPT period begins, and once it is selected and approved, it cannot be changed.
The STEM OPT extension offers an enhanced opportunity for international students who have graduated from U.S. institutions with degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields. This extension expands the standard post-completion Optional Practical Training (OPT), typically granting 12 months of work authorization. By applying for the STEM OPT extension, eligible students can extend their OPT period by an additional 24 months, giving them 36 months to work in the U.S.
To qualify for the STEM OPT extension, students must have earned a degree in a STEM field from a U.S. institution and be employed by an employer enrolled in the E-Verify program. The STEM OPT is a significant advantage for those in STEM fields, as it provides more time to gain valuable experience and potentially secure long-term employment in the U.S.
Timing is key when applying for OPT, as the OPT application process involves specific steps and deadlines that must be carefully followed:
If you plan to apply for pre-completion OPT, you can submit your application as early as 90 days before your requested start date. This allows you to secure work authorization ahead of time, ensuring you’re ready to begin employment as soon as you are eligible. Early application is key to avoiding delays and ensuring your OPT is approved before your planned start date.
When applying for post-completion OPT, it is important to follow the designated application window. You can start your application process up to 90 days before your program end date, but you must submit it no later than 60 days after completing your academic program. Adhering to this timeline is crucial to processing your work authorization promptly, allowing you to transition smoothly from your studies to professional employment.
If you’re seeking a STEM OPT extension, applying well in advance is important. Specifically, your application should be submitted no later than 90 days before the OPT end date of your post-completion OPT. This timing is crucial to ensure a smooth transition and continued work authorization without interruptions in your employment.
The OPT application process is detailed and requires students to follow specific steps to ensure they obtain their work authorization. The process begins with the student requesting an OPT recommendation from their institution's Designated School Official (DSO). The DSO will recommend OPT in the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS), after which the student can apply to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) for OPT authorization.
The OPT application process involves several key steps:
OPT Request: The student submits an OPT request to their DSO, who then recommends OPT in SEVIS.
OPT Application: The student files Form I-765, Application for Employment Authorization, with USCIS, along with the required documentation, including a copy of the I-20 form, Employment Authorization Document (EAD) photos, and the filing fee.
Receipt Notice: After applying, the student will receive a receipt notice from USCIS indicating that their application is being processed.
EAD Start Date: If approved, the student will receive an Employment Authorization Document (EAD) that includes the requested employment start date and the OPT end date.
It is important to apply for OPT promptly to avoid delays. USCIS recommends that students apply up to 90 days before their program end date and no later than 60 days after their program end date.
Once an international student has received their OPT work authorization, they must comply with specific OPT reporting requirements. These requirements include reporting any changes in employment, mailing address, or immigration status to their DSO. Additionally, students on post-completion OPT must report their employment details, including the name and address of their employer, job title, and how the job relates to their degree.
Students are also required to work full-time (more than 20 hours per week) in a position directly related to their field of study. Failure to comply with OPT reporting requirements can result in the termination of the student's immigration status.
The stem opt extension allows students in STEM fields to extend their opt employment authorization by 24 months. To be eligible for this extension:
Your employer must be enrolled in the E-Verify program.
You must submit Form I-765, along with your updated I-20, before the expiration of your current OPT.
Your job must be directly related to your degree.
The Cap-Gap Extension is available to students whose OPT expires before their H-1B status begins. This cap gap extension allows students to remain in the United States and continue working until their H-1B status becomes active.
The standard duration for OPT is 12 months. However, students eligible for the stem opt extension can extend this period by 24 months, making the total duration 36. The OPT period begins on the requested start date and ends on the requested OPT end date. Students should know they cannot change their requested start date after submitting their application.
International students participating in OPT can engage in internships and volunteer work if these positions are directly related to their degree. However, unpaid employment must meet specific criteria, such as being at least 20 hours per week and complying with all applicable federal and state labor laws.
OPT comes with several restrictions to ensure compliance with federal regulation requirements. These include:
You must not exceed 90 days of unemployment during your OPT period.
You must report changes in your mailing address, employer, or job title within ten days.
You cannot work beyond your OPT end date unless you have an approved STEM OPT or cap gap extension.
During their OPT period, international students may work for more than one employer if all positions are directly related to their field of study. Several types of employment are permitted under OPT, including:
Paid Employment: The most common form of employment under OPT is when students receive a salary for their work.
Unpaid Employment: Students may also engage in unpaid internships or volunteer positions if the work is related to their field of study and does not violate any labor laws.
Short-Term Multiple Employers: Students may work for multiple short-term employers, such as performing artists, as long as each job is related to their degree.
Contract Periods: Students may work on a contractual basis for a specific period, provided the work is directly related to their field of study.
Students must keep detailed records of their employment, including job descriptions, contract periods, and how each job relates to their degree, as they may need to provide this information to USCIS if requested.
Unemployment is a critical concern for students on OPT. Your OPT authorization will be terminated if you exceed 90 days of unemployment. It is crucial to actively seek OPT employment directly related to your field of study and to report your employment status on time to your designated school official.
Several factors can lead to the termination of your OPT:
Exceeding the 90-day unemployment limit.
Failing to comply with OPT reporting requirements.
Engaging in employment that is not directly related to your degree.
If your OPT is terminated, your F-1 status may also be jeopardized, leading to potential deportation. It's essential to adhere to all OPT guidelines and maintain your immigration status.
Engaging in optional practical training OPT can significantly enhance your prospects when applying for an H-1B visa or transitioning to a different visa status. The experience gained during OPT demonstrates your ability to work in your field and contributes to a more compelling application for future visa categories, such as the H-1B.
Protecting yourself during OPT involves being aware of your rights and responsibilities. Here are some tips:
Always ensure that your employer has proper business licenses.
Keep copies of all employment-related documents, including your employment authorization document.
Understand your rights as an employee and seek assistance if you feel your rights are being violated.
Designated School Officials (DSO) are crucial in the OPT application process. They are responsible for guiding students through the process, providing the necessary recommendations in SEVIS, and ensuring that students comply with federal regulations.
The DSO also assists with the OPT application by verifying that the student meets all eligibility requirements and providing the necessary documentation, such as the updated I-20 form. In addition, the DSO is responsible for updating SEVIS with any changes in the student's immigration status, employment, or personal information.
The Employment Authorization Document (EAD) is a critical component of the OPT application process. This card serves as proof of work authorization and is issued by USCIS after the student's OPT application has been approved. The EAD start date marks the beginning of the student's authorized OPT period.
The EAD is essential for students who plan to begin working in the U.S. during their OPT period. Employers will require this document to verify the student's work authorization status.
Federal regulations require that international students comply with specific rules and guidelines during their OPT period. These regulations are in place to ensure that students maintain their immigration status and do not engage in unauthorized employment. Some key federal regulations that students must adhere to include:
Before beginning any job, students must secure OPT work authorization. This authorization is a legal requirement, and working without it violates immigration status. Engaging in employment without the proper authorization can lead to significant consequences, including jeopardizing the student’s ability to remain in the United States. Therefore, obtaining the necessary work authorization before starting employment is critical to ensure compliance with immigration laws.
Students must promptly inform their Designated School Official (DSO) of any changes in their employment, address, or immigration status. This notification must occur within ten days of the change to ensure compliance with federal regulations and to maintain their lawful status in the United States. Keeping the DSO updated is essential for maintaining accurate records and avoiding potential issues with immigration authorities.
The student must verify that their employer holds all the required business licenses to operate legally in the United States. Ensuring that the employer is fully licensed is crucial, as working for a business without the necessary licenses could complicate the student's OPT status and potentially cause legal issues. Students should confirm that their employer fully complies with all legal requirements before starting employment.
Students must adhere to all relevant federal laws while on OPT, including those governing labor practices, tax obligations, and employment regulations. This means following the rules that apply to their work situation, such as receiving proper wages, paying taxes, and ensuring their employment complies with U.S. labor laws. Compliance with these laws is essential for maintaining legal work status and avoiding potential legal issues.
Failure to comply with these regulations can result in the termination of the student's immigration status and loss of OPT authorization.
At WellAway, we understand the importance of focusing on your education without the added worry of medical expenses or international student health insurance costs. Our OPT Plan is specifically tailored for international F-1 Optional Practical Training (OPT) visa students. Whether you're pursuing an undergraduate or graduate degree in the United States, our plan offers comprehensive and affordable health insurance that ensures your well-being. At the same time, you can focus on achieving academic success.
Our OPT plan is designed to provide peace of mind, knowing that your health is our priority. We understand how critical it is to maintain your health while managing the demands of student life. That’s why we offer reliable, secure, and affordable healthcare solutions that meet the unique needs of international students like you.
With WellAway, you can trust that your coverage is extensive and dependable. Our OPT plan offers unlimited annual aggregate maximum coverage, giving you confidence that any unexpected medical expenses will be managed effectively.
Here’s how we care for your health so that you can care for your goals:
Meets U.S. Visa Requirements: Our plan satisfies the minimum U.S. health insurance requirements for valid F-1 OPT student visas, available to non-U.S. citizens aged 17 to 45.
Provider Access in the U.S.: As an exclusive member, you'll have access to premium care physicians and in-network facilities with UnitedHealthcare Options PPO, one of the country's largest and most reputable networks.
Worldwide Coverage: Your coverage extends beyond the U.S., with global access (excluding your home country), allowing you to receive healthcare wherever possible.
No Medical Exams or Paperwork: Enrolling in our plan is quick and simple, requiring no medical exams. You’ll also receive instant proof of coverage, making meeting university and visa requirements easy.
Multi-lingual Customer Service: Our multi-lingual team is here to assist you around the clock, ensuring you receive the care you need, no matter where you are.
Comprehensive Immunization and Vaccine Coverage: WellAway covers all essential immunizations and vaccines, including COVID-19, so you can stay protected.
Prescription Medications: We cover prescription medications to ensure you can access the necessary treatments.
Our OPT plan is designed to keep your health expenses low while meeting university insurance requirements and U.S. Department of State regulations. We know your well-being is a key factor in achieving academic success, and our plan is here to provide the coverage you need throughout your OPT program.
Should you need assistance finding the right doctor or navigating the healthcare system, our customer service team is always available to guide you. We also offer open access to various healthcare providers outside of the U.S., helping you receive the best care at a fair price, no matter where you are.
At WellAway, we strive to provide high-quality healthcare services tailored to the needs of international students. From unlimited annual coverage to comprehensive emergency care, we ensure that your health is cared for, allowing you to focus on what matters most—your education and personal growth.
Apply today for the WellAway OPT Plan or explore our other international student insurance options. Let us care for your health so you can confidently pursue your dreams in the United States.
Optional Practical Training (OPT) provides F-1 students with a significant opportunity to gain temporary employment in their chosen field of study within the United States. This program not only allows students to apply their academic knowledge in a professional setting but also helps them build essential skills and experience that can be crucial for their future careers, and understanding what OPT is and how to navigate the OPT application process is crucial for making the most of this opportunity.
Remember to comply with federal regulations and protect yourself during your OPT period. With careful planning and adherence to guidelines, OPT can serve as a stepping stone to a successful career in the United States. For more insightful articles and detailed information, visit WellAway and discover how our comprehensive insurance plans and dedicated services can help you on your journey abroad.